When I first encountered the concept of gas in blockchain, I understood on the surface that it measured computational work. However, I did not fully understand what that meant in practice, how gas is actually calculated under the hood, why transactio...

In 2016, an attacker discovered a bug in a smart contract called the DAO. He didn't need to compromise Ethereum. He didn't need a zero-day exploit. He found one bad assumption in the withdrawal logic, wrote a contract that exploited it recursively, ...

Before we started the first session of BinnaDevLab Cohorts, I knew one thing with certainty: If we opened with the word "blockchain," we'd lose half of the room. Not because the topic is hard. Because the word carries baggage. Crypto speculation. N...

Before we argue about the future of the web, we need to understand what it has always been: one continuous system of innovation built on the exact same foundation. Let's start with the Web3 ecosystem. When people talk about Web3, the conversation u...

Your protocol launches. Everything passes the test suite with 100% coverage. Your audits are clean. Then, an unexpected token enters your liquidity pool. The accounting drifts by a fraction of a percent. Within hours, the discrepancy compounds. User...

One of the hardest problems in decentralized systems is this: how do two strangers trade without trusting each other or paying a middleman to coordinate? In traditional finance, this is solved by centralized exchanges. On the blockchain, we solve it...

We have spent the last four posts building MilestoneCrowdfundUpgradeable protocolhttps://polygonscan.com/address/0xf83aaB5f1fAA1a7a74AD27E2f8058801EaA31393. We architected an upgradeable proxy, designed a mathematically rigorous escrow engine, fuzz-t...

In our last post, we built a mathematical proving ground using Foundryhttps://www.getfoundry.sh. We used stateful fuzzing to prove that the rules of our MilestoneCrowdfundUpgradeable protocolhttps://polygonscan.com/address/0xf83aaB5f1fAA1a7a74AD27E2f...

We are building MilestoneCrowdfundUpgradeable: a smart contract that holds donor funds in escrow and releases them only when real-world milestones are verified. In our last post, we designed the engine for this protocol. We built a theoretical fortre...

When you first start writing smart contracts on the EVM chains, your journey usually begins in Remix. It is a powerful, open-source web and desktop application for writing, compiling, testing, and deploying code, making it a fantastic tool for quick ...

In the last post, we looked at how to make smart contracts upgradeable safely. But an upgradeable proxy is just an empty building. Today, we are walking inside the building to look at the engine. If you are new to Web3, you might wonder why we even ...

Smart contracts handle real value, so I believe every line of code should communicate trust. When you first start learning Solidity, you are taught one golden rule: smart contracts are immutable. Deploying a contract is like launching a rocket into ...