Advance EVM - Opcodes, low-level calls and instructions

Question

EVM compatible, opcodes and calling

• The EVM basically represents all the instructions a computer needs to be able to read.
• Any language that can compile down to bytecode with these opcodes is considered EVM compatible'

1. Data in Transactions:
   • When we send a transaction, it is compiled down to bytecode
   • The EVM processes this data to determine which function to call and what inputs to provide.

1. Bytecode:
   • When a contract is deployed, it is compiled into bytecode understood by the EVM.
   • This bytecode represents exactly the low level instructions to make our contract happen.
   • This bytecode consist of opcodes

1. Opcodes:
   • Each opcode is a 2-character hexadecimal, represents some special instruction
   • This opcode reader is sometimes abstractly called the EVM

1. Encoding Data:
   • Now, ABI encoding will convert data into bytes
   • Ex: abi.encodePacked() || abi.encode()

1. Decoding data:

   • Decoding is the process of taking the raw bytes and reconstructing the original data

   • Ex: abi.decode()

2. call

    - How we call functions to change the state variable of the blockchain
    ```js
    function stateChange(address _address) public {
        s_state[_address] = 12;
    }
    ```
   

1. staticcall

   - This is how (at a low level) we do our "view" or "pure" function calls  
    ```js
    function getState() public view returns(uint256){
        return s_state;
    }
    ```
   

Send TNX that call functions with just data field populated (EVM Signature Selector)

• In order to call a function using only the data field of call, we need to encode:
  1. function name
  2. parameters we want to add

• Now each contract assigns each function a function ID/Method ID:

  1. Function selector is the first 4 bytes of the function signature
  2. Function signature a string that defines the function name &

     parameters
     **Ex :  transfer(address,uint256)**
     

Lets assume, we need to call transfer(address,uint256) function but by filling the data field!!!

1. getFunctionSelector:

   - By this method we will get function selector of the calling function.
   

   `js
   function getSelector() public pure returns (bytes4 selector) {

    selector = bytes4(keccak256(bytes("transfer(address,uint256)")));
   

   }
   `

1. call Transfer Function with selector:

   • Will use abi.encodeWithSelector(bytes4 selector, args1, args2)

   `js
   // Here, using EVM cheatcodes we can directly call the transfer() function using data-field

   function callTransferData(address _address, uint256 _amount) public returns (bytes4 ,bool) {

    (bool success, bytes memory data) = address(this).call(
        abi.encodeWithSelector(getSelector(), _address,_amount)
    );
    return (bytes4(data), success);
   

   }
   `

2. call Transfer Function with signature:

   • Will use abi.encodeWithSignature(string functSignature, args1, args2)

   `js
   // Here, we will not use function selector. Rather, we will use function signature to call our transfer() function by populating data field.

   function callTransferDataSig(address _address, uint256 _amount) public returns (bytes4 ,bool) {

    (bool success, bytes memory data) = address(this).call(
        abi.encodeWithSignature("transfer(address,uint256)", _address,_amount)
    );
    return (bytes4(data), success);
   

   }
   `

Note: If there is anything wrong or if you want to share more concepts or if have any doubts. Pls comment below!!!